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Vilon:研究结果、监管状态与安全性

状态概览

市场状态日期
美国未获批准—
欧盟未获批准—
德国未获批准—
英国未获批准—
澳大利亚未获批准—
加拿大未获批准—
瑞士未获批准—
研发阶段
临床前
最高证据等级
观察性研究
WADA 状态
禁用 (S0, 2026)
最后核验
2026-09-17
版本
1.0

Vilon:研究结果、监管状态与安全性

摘要

Vilon 是一种由赖氨酸和谷氨酸两个氨基酸组成的合成肽,来自圣彼得堡一家把这类分子称作生物调节肽的研究所。同样这个分子被收录为人体正常的代谢产物。没有任何物种的数据说明它进入体内以后会怎样。开发者自己写道,它比他们拿来对比的另外三个肽降解得更快。它在任何国家都没有获批上市,也没有一项登记在册的人体试验。

要点速览

  • 肽不可能比它更小,而且身体本来就会产生它。 两个氨基酸、一根键、275.30 g/mol,两块砖都是食物蛋白里最普通的成分。Lys-Glu 这一对在人类代谢组数据库里也有自己的条目,因为蛋白质分解时就会放出它 [1], [2].
  • 开发者自己说,它是他们那些肽里最不稳定的一个。 他们在 2022 年的一篇综述里写道,KE 在溶液里以及部分在组织里发生了水解,比同时测试的另外三个肽更明显。与此同时,它进入体内之后会发生什么,任何物种都没有测过:没有半衰期,没有血药浓度,也没有生物利用度 [3], [4].
  • 他们自己算出来的转运分数,没能达到他们自己定的门槛。 在转运体 LAT1 上,Vilon 得到 −12.31;数值越负,表示计算出来的结合越好。同一篇论文把 −15 定为门槛:一个肽要降到比 −15 更负,高效结合才算有可能。Vilon 的 −12.31 没有降下去,仍停在门槛上方 [3].
  • 一项针对 228 个二肽的独立研究,预测它并不稳定。 前端的赖氨酸和末端的谷氨酸,都不在那些能保护二肽不被分解的残基之列 [4].
  • 2003 年开发者报告说,每毫升大约六千个分子时仍有活性,并解释为信号不形成配体与受体的复合物,而由水的动力学传递 [5].
  • 没有一项登记在册的试验。 2026 年 9 月 17 日做的四次数据库查询没有查到任何相关条目,而对照查询返回了 782 项研究 [6].
  • 它在任何国家都不是药,俄罗斯也不例外。 研究所负责人 2020 年自己写道,Vilon 已提交注册,那时距离专利优先权日已经过了 22 年。它唯一进入市场的形式是一款口服的俄罗斯膳食补充剂,而在体育运动中它全时段禁用 [7], [8], [9].
  • 本页没有说的是什么。 以上这些都不能证明 Vilon 什么都不做;它们说明的是另一回事:支持它有特异性信号作用的证据很弱,而且没有测量支撑 [3], [4].

Vilon 是什么

Vilon 是一个二肽:赖氨酸通过一根普通的肽键连着谷氨酸,是圣彼得堡生物调节与老年学研究所那一系列分子里最短的一个。以弗拉基米尔·哈温松为核心的团队,把这类化合物称作肽类生物调节剂 [7], [12].

按照该团队的说法,这一对氨基酸是用质谱在胸腺肽(一种由小牛胸腺制成的肽制剂)里检出的,随后才用人工方法合成出来 [7]。1997 年最早的英文描述称它是一种新型的免疫调节二肽 [12],美国专利于 1998 年提交、2003 年获得授权 [11]。

基本信息

项目内容来源
名称Vilon;俄文写作 Вилон;没有国际非专利药名[1], [7]
其他名称Lys-Glu、KE 二肽、赖氨酰谷氨酸、H-Lys-Glu-OH[1], [10]
类别合成二肽;「生物调节剂」是研发机构自己的叫法[7]
结构Lys-Glu,两个氨基酸,两端分别是游离氨基和游离羧基[1]
分子式与分子量C11H21N3O5,275.30 g/mol[1]
亲水亲脂性计算的 XLogP 为 −6.3,极性表面积 156 Ų,也就是极其亲水[1]
半衰期任何给药途径、任何物种都没有发表过[3]
研究中用过的给药途径加入培养液;动物实验用皮下和腹腔注射;俄罗斯的补充剂为口服[8]
监管状态在任何地方都没有作为药物获批;在西方按实验室化学品出售[7], [41]
研发方弗拉基米尔·哈温松及其同事,圣彼得堡生物调节与老年学研究所[11], [12]
CAS 登记号45234-02-4[2]
PubChem CID7010502[1]
InChIKeyUGTZHPSKYRIGRJ-YUMQZZPRSA-N[1]
其他标识符UNII H34V7IM5ML、ChEBI 74557、ChEMBL365790、Wikidata Q27144733、HMDB0028950[10], [2]

有一件事这一页可以确认而不是纠正:序列和常见的同义名都是对的,有四个彼此独立的来源都给出 Lys-Glu,其中包括那份专利和数据库里的结构记录 [1], [11].

Vilon:研究结果、监管状态与安全性

它是怎么起作用的

没有人知道,而对一个只有两个氨基酸的分子来说,那些设想未免过于宏大。下面每一条机制都只是假说,依据是建模、无细胞实验或者细胞培养,从来不是在活体内的测量 [3].

  • 据说它会结合基因启动子里的 DNA,从而改变这些基因被读取的方式。 该团队提出,KE 能识别 TCGA、GCAG、GCGG 和 GGGC 这四个碱基长的片段 [13], [15].
  • 这种结合被描述为沿着小沟进行,小沟是 DNA 双螺旋两条沟里较浅的那一条,那里缺少能把四种碱基区分开的氢键格局。一般认为在小沟里的识别并不特异 [14].
  • 他们设想的靶点实在太常见。 像 TCGA 这样的片段每隔几百个碱基对就会出现一次,在人类基因组里有数以百万次,所以结合它并不是挑出少数几个基因的办法 [13].
  • 下游效应被一一列出,却没有通往它们的路径。 该团队自己的综述给每个肽都配上一个器官和一类效应,其中包括白介素 2 的信使 RNA 升高,中间却没有一步测量过的环节 [46].
  • 组织选择性是从来源推出来的,不是量出来的。 所谓它优先作用于胸腺,依据只是它当初是在一份胸腺制剂里被发现的 [26].

难堪的部分出现在该团队自己的工作里。他们报告说效应取决于那根肽键,因为游离赖氨酸和游离谷氨酸的简单混合物反而让同样的培养物长得更慢 [14]。可他们同时又写道,KE 在溶液里以及部分在组织里会被水解,而水解产物恰恰就是那种混合物 [3].

研究发现了什么

文献很多,通常意义上的证据却几乎没有:大约 60 篇被索引的论文来自同一个作者网络,多数没有病例数也没有统计,每一条支撑性的说法都只靠一项没被重复过的研究 [34].

把 Vilon 的全部家底数一遍
该肽被索引的论文
60条
登记在册的人体试验
0条
药代动力学测量,任何物种
0条
寿命结论的独立重复
0条

数据库查询于 2026 年 9 月 17 日完成。论文数已剔除大约二十条同名但无关的结果。来源 [34], [6], [3]。

它撑得够久去起作用吗

开发者自己的综述 这是撑起本页的那条发现。在 2022 年那篇关于转运的综述里,该团队报告说 KE 在溶液里以及部分在组织里被水解了,而同系列另外两个肽能抵抗水解三到四个小时。四个肽当中,他们自己这一个散得最快 [3].

独立建模研究 这个网络之外的一项研究合成了 228 个二肽,并测量它们熬过消化的能力。保护作用来自特定的末端残基:前端是天冬氨酸、甘氨酸或脯氨酸,末端是脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸或天冬氨酸。Vilon 两头都不沾,前端是赖氨酸,末端是谷氨酸。同一批作者还得出结论:二肽在活体内的作用,很可能受限于它们极低的肠道通透性,而他们的建模对这项通透性根本没能得出可靠的相关关系 [4].

仅为计算 该团队设想的入口是转运体 LAT1,而拿得出的证据是一个对接分数,不是一次测量。Vilon 得到 −12.31,而同一张表格写着:分数比 −15 更负,才可能意味着高效结合的概率很高。要落进那个范围,数值必须降到 −15 以下;他们自己算给自己这个肽的数字,并没有达到他们自己划的那条线 [3].

LAT1 转运体上的对接分数,取自开发者自己的表格
Vesilut
−34.32 ICM 分数
Chonluten
−30.3 ICM 分数
Bronchogen
−17.26 ICM 分数
Fuaget
−16.01 ICM 分数
作者自己定的门槛
−15 ICM 分数
Vilon(KE)
−12.31 ICM 分数
Normoftal
−10.49 ICM 分数

这些是计算出来的对接分数,不是测出来的转运:数值越负,表示计算出来的契合越好。门槛那一条是同一批作者在同一张表里给出的数值。来源 [3]。

描述那次水解实验的那段话只挂了一条参考文献,而它是一篇关于小肽吸收的泛泛综述,根本没有考察这四个肽。实验本身则找不到 [45].

声称在每毫升六千个分子时仍有活性

体外实验 2003 年,开发团队在研究所所长也署名的情况下,报告了胸腺细胞的双峰剂量反应曲线,第二个峰落在每升 10⁻¹⁷ 到 10⁻¹⁵ 摩尔之间。按较低的那个数字算,一毫升里大约只有六千个分子。作者并不认为这是个问题:他们提出,信号的形成和传到靶细胞都不需要形成任何配体与受体的复合物,水这个介质在其中起主动作用 [5].

不形成配体与受体复合物的信号,和受体药理学是不相容的,而人们平常正是在受体药理学这套框架里谈一种物质如何作用于细胞。这不是批评者的归纳,而是开发者自己发表的内容,它也给他们其余那些剂量反应结论定下了衡量的尺度,其中包括同一实验室另一篇论文报告的每升 10⁻⁹ 到 10⁻¹³ 摩尔之间的效应 [30].

小鼠的寿命

动物数据 雌性 CBA 小鼠从六月龄起接受皮下给药。作者报告说活动量和耐力提高、体温降低、寿命延长,同时有两项指标明确没有变化:与年龄相关的动情周期变化,以及自由基过程。论文里没有动物数、没有剂量、没有生存曲线,也没有 p 值 [19]。被广泛引用的那个「寿命延长 20% 到 40%」并非出自这篇,而是出自同一批作者后来的一篇综述,而且在那里指的是「某些肽制剂」这一整类 [20].

人体捐献细胞里的染色质

细胞培养 研究者把 75 到 88 岁的人的白细胞和这个肽一起培养。报告描述了整体异染色质变松、核糖体基因重新活化、部分基因从兼性包装里释放出来,但没有测量值也没有 p 值。这是 Vilon 身上支撑最好的一条发现,因为三篇论文里有两篇发表时研究所所长没有署名;它同时还有清楚的否定一面:1 号和 9 号染色体的着丝粒周围异染色质并没有变松,而同一团队在另外两个肽上是看到过这种变化的 [17].

基因表达

动物数据 被引用最多的那篇机制论文,把小鼠心脏的 15,247 个基因克隆放上了芯片。其中 300 个、也就是 1.94% 的表达变化超过两倍,而单独归给 Vilon 的只有 36 个。由于没有做多重检验校正,这个数字和噪声分不开 [16].

细胞培养 在人的干细胞里,报告出来的变化很大,却也很光秃。所测肽使 IGF1 的产出升高 3.5 到 5.6 倍,而 KE 在一种衰老模型里让 FOXO1 大约翻了一倍,在另一种模型里则毫无作用 [18]。另一项研究里,KE 使年轻细胞的 SIRT1 基因表达升高 6 倍、蛋白产出升高 8.2 倍,并使 PARP1 降低 2.1 倍和 5.3 倍、PARP2 降低 2.1 倍和 4.7 倍,全程没有 p 值、没有离散度,也没有重复次数 [15].

动物身上的器官模型

动物数据 在肝脏纤维化的大鼠身上,每天 1.7 µg/kg、连用五天,使总蛋白比未处理动物高 4.7%,细胞倍性高 11.5%。作者自己把这称为微弱的促进作用,而所测的两种酶根本没有差别 [22].

动物数据 在慢性肾衰竭的大鼠身上,血清 TGF-beta1 和肠系膜小血管的通透性在两个月时显著更低,到四个月和六个月时就没有这种效应了 [24]。在半去势的老年雄性大鼠身上,每只给 50 µg,作者报告黄体生成素、催乳素和 ACTH 发生变化,催乳素明显下降,但没有给出数值、动物数和统计 [25].

指向两个方向的发现

动物数据 在果蝇身上,Vilon 在同一个实验里既抑制了线粒体中活性氧的生成,又在胞质里促进了它,所以该团队汇总表里那句笼统的「抗氧化作用」得不到支持 [23]。在器官外植体里,方向同样取决于供体的年龄:21 日龄大鼠的组织在 2 到 20 ng/ml 时长得更快,而 1 日龄大鼠的胸腺组织反而被抑制 [26].

细胞培养 在人的单核细胞系里,所测的五个肽都提高了某些胞质激酶的磷酸化水平;那里报告的 TNF 降低属于该系列的另一个肽 [28].

在任何试验之外,人们被给了什么

未登记的临床报告 赤塔一个医院团队的两篇报告,描述了在 1 型糖尿病的标准治疗之外加用这个肽,报告抗凝血酶 III 和蛋白 C 升高、纤溶被激活、辅助性 T 细胞和自然杀伤细胞减少,多数病例的胰岛素需求下降。这些在法律意义上属于适应症,本页只把它们当作未经核实的来源陈述照录:两篇摘要都没有给出病例数、离散度、p 值或预先定义的终点,既无安慰剂也无设盲,而且两篇论文有好几位共同作者,可能描述的是同一批病人 [21].

动物数据 伊万诺沃的一个独立团队在实验性子宫内膜异位症的大鼠身上测试了这个肽,单用以及与手术合用,并称这种组合值得期待,但没有给出数值、剂量和动物数 [27].

还不知道的是什么

  • 完整的 Vilon 到底有没有抵达过任何靶点,以及身体对它做了什么。 这里没有一个实验是为回答第一个问题设计的,而且任何物种都没有半衰期、生物利用度、血药浓度、分布和排泄的数据 [3], [4].
  • 那种 DNA 结合在活细胞里到底发不发生。 现有的只是计算机对接、一次原始数据无法获取的凝胶实验,以及零次独立重复 [13], [14].
  • 人身上的效应是不是真的,以及流通的原料里究竟是什么。 无论是寿命的说法还是任何一份临床报告,都没有在后苏联出版圈之外被重复过,而且关于身份、纯度、内毒素含量或无菌性的独立检测,一份也没有公开发表 [34], [41].

不良反应与安全性

没有安全性记录,因为世界上没有任何一项研究把耐受性或毒性当作自己的题目 [3].

  • 唯一那句关于安全的话是顺带写下的。 在小鼠寿命实验里,开发者写道长期给药没有造成不利影响,并据此得出慢性使用是安全的结论,却没有动物数、没有剂量、没有列出测了哪些指标,也没有统计 [19].
  • 人的那些报告没有提到不良事件,但也没有去找过。 没有一份有关于耐受性、脱落或不良事件的章节,而没有记录并不等于没有伤害 [21].
  • 开发者自己报告说,它会抑制细胞自杀。 Vilon 被描述为能抑制受照射脾淋巴细胞的程序性死亡,而且比同系列的另一个肽更强。抑制这个过程并不自动是好事,因为受损细胞正是靠它被清除掉的 [31].
  • 关于怀孕、哺乳、儿童,以及肾功能或肝功能受损,什么都不知道。 任何 Lys-Glu 制剂在人身上有记录的最长暴露,是一个 20 到 30 天的口服胶囊疗程 [8].

空白几乎是全面的:没有毒理学、没有剂量探索、没有 NOAEL、没有生殖毒性和遗传毒性、没有免疫原性测试,而西方真正在卖的注射剂型,安全性数据一点也没有 [3], [41].

研究中使用的剂量

下面的剂量只是所引用的研究当时给了什么,列在这里是为了让结果读得懂。它们不是任何建议,也不能拿来当作自己使用的说明。唯一那一行关于人的数据来自一款俄罗斯膳食补充剂的标签,而不是来自试验。

每一行都出自动物实验、细胞培养、专利权利要求或者那份标签,而且没有做过任何从动物到人的换算。人身上唯一有记录的用量,比注射用途流通的那些量小几千倍,而后者根本没有人体安全性数据 [8], [41]。有四行出自肿瘤模型的研究;德国的药品广告法不允许本页复述这些研究的结果,无论结果朝哪个方向,所以这里只列出用量 [32].

研究模型用量给药途径频次持续时间来源
Pliss 2005小鼠,化学诱导肿瘤模型10 µg/kg未说明未说明至第 46 周[32]
Alimova 2002转基因小鼠,肿瘤模型每只 1 µg,溶于 0.1 ml 生理盐水皮下每月 5 天自 2 月龄起[32]
联合实验,2004小鼠,肿瘤模型;另有脾脏外植体1 mg/kg;培养中 5 ng/ml注射,或加入培养液未说明未说明[32]
Barykina,移植瘤大鼠,移植瘤模型0.5 µg注射未说明未说明[32]
Kudriavtseva 2000,肝纤维化大鼠,化学致肝纤维化1.7 µg/kg注射,途径未具体说明每天5 天[22]
Kudriavtseva 2006,激素研究老年雄性大鼠,半去势每只 50 µg未说明只写了定期未说明[25]
外植体培养,多篇论文胸腺和脾脏组织块,1 日龄至 2 岁的大鼠2 到 20 ng/ml加入培养液持续培养期[26]
Bykov 2002,超小剂量大鼠脾脏外植体10⁻⁹ 到 10⁻¹³ M加入培养液持续培养期[30]
Grigor'ev 2003,超低剂量培养皿中的胸腺细胞第二个峰报告在每升 10⁻¹⁷ 到 10⁻¹⁵ 摩尔加入反应体系——[5]
Fedoreyeva 2017,植物细胞烟草愈伤组织培养10⁻⁷ 到 10⁻⁹ M加入营养培养基持续培养期[29]
Ashapkin 2020,干细胞人骨髓干细胞纳摩尔级,未给出具体数字加入培养液持续培养期[18]
美国专利,是权利要求而非研究法律保护范围,不对应任何实验0.01 到 100 µg/kg不限于一种途径至少每天一次10 到 40 天[11]
Normoftal,俄罗斯膳食补充剂人,补充剂标签每粒 100 µg 肽复合物,即每天 100 到 400 µg口服,随餐每次 1 到 2 粒,每天 1 到 2 次20 到 30 天[8]

培养皿里的浓度换算不成给身体用的量,给动物用的量同样换算不过来;专利那一栏跨了四个数量级,那是法律保护的宽度,不是剂量探索 [11]。最后一行还需要它自己的一句提醒:那款产品标注的是肽复合物而不是纯二肽,而且是口服的,所以它的两个数字都不能搬到西方在卖的注射用原料上 [8]。注射方案确实在贴近交易的网页上流传,而且每一个都高于人身上有记录的用量;它们不引用任何依据,其中几个网页还在同一段文字里承认没有实测数据,本页一个也不复述 [42].

研发与获批状态

根本没有研发计划:没有申办方、没有登记在册的研究、没有正在走的审批程序,只有一份摆在那里二十多年没动过的申请 [6], [7].

从一份胸腺提取物到一粒补充剂胶囊

  1. 1997最早的英文描述被称作一种新型免疫调节二肽,来源 [12]
  2. 1998提交专利该分子美国专利的优先权日,来源 [11]
  3. 2000小鼠寿命实验摘要里没有动物数、没有剂量,也没有统计,来源 [19]
  4. 2002基因芯片论文15,247 个克隆里有 300 个变化,没有做多重检验校正,来源 [16]
  5. 2003宣称不需要受体也有活性第二个峰在每升 10 的负 17 次方到 10 的负 15 次方摩尔之间,用水的动力学来解释,来源 [5]
  6. 2006 和 2007未登记的医院报告在糖尿病标准治疗上加用,没有病例数也没有统计,来源 [21]
  7. 2008一款俄罗斯膳食补充剂获得登记口服胶囊,标注为肽复合物,并明确不是药品,来源 [8]
  8. 2020已提交注册,但没有获批研究所负责人写道 Vilon 已提交卫生部,距专利申请已过 22 年,来源 [7]
  9. 2022开发者自己的转运综述KE 被报告为四个肽中水解最严重的;LAT1 分数负 12.31,对照他们自己定的门槛负 15,来源 [3]
  10. 2026 年 9 月 17 日查询各国登记库任何市场都没有获批,也没有登记在册的试验,来源 [6], [35]
市场状态说明来源
美国未获批既没有药品记录也没有说明书;有一个物质标识符,但那不是批准;从来没有被提名用于药房配制[35], [10], [36]
欧盟未获批查不到任何程序;既没有国际非专利药名也没有 ATC 编码;管理局的检索页读不出来[38]
德国未获批没有本国许可,所以注射用肽在这里没有合法市场[38]
英国未获批登记库只返回了一个空壳页面,所以这条结论靠的是其他所有登记库[38]
澳大利亚未获批登记库里查不到,而登记库本身也无法查询;未登记的治疗用品不得供应[38]
加拿大未获批药品数据库什么也查不到,而对照查询是能用的[37]
瑞士未获批没有查到任何许可;登记页面当时打不开[38]
俄罗斯未获批按开发者的说法已提交注册;药品数据库里没有同名产品;一款含该二肽的膳食补充剂以口服形式出售[7], [39], [8]

有几行需要小心。欧盟、英国、澳大利亚和瑞士那几条,靠的是别处处处查不到,因为查询当天这些登记库读不出来;而美国那个物质标识符只是一个目录编号,关于获批与否什么也说明不了 [10], [38]。最常被误读的是俄罗斯那一行:膳食补充剂不需要通过任何关于产品是否有效的检验,它自己的标签写着不是药品,而且它甚至不是以 Vilon 这个名字出售的。俄罗斯唯一一个名字源自 Vilon 的产品,是一款化妆品乳霜 [8], [43].

所有登记库均于 2026 年 9 月 17 日查询。更完整的法律状况见肽类合法吗和 FDA 批准的肽。

反兴奋剂

Vilon 全时段禁用,赛内赛外都算。2026 年的清单上没有点它的名。它落在 S0 类里,这一类涵盖任何目前未获任何政府卫生主管部门批准用于人体治疗的药理学物质 [9].

这里没有什么需要解释的,因为世界上根本没有一个批准可供争论。膳食补充剂的登记不是治疗用途的批准,而这个分子是由两个普通食物氨基酸拼起来的,这一点也不产生任何差别 [8], [9]。德国反兴奋剂法的附件没有列出它,而那份清单对未获批的肽并没有一个兜底条款 [40]。也没有发表过经过验证的检测方法,何况这本来就很难做:这个分子是正常的代谢产物,它的降解产物则是常见的氨基酸 [2]。完整的情况见体育运动中被禁用的肽。

与相关肽的比较

肽与 Vilon 的关系本页背后的核查发现了什么
Vilon—Lys-Glu,275.30 g/mol;约 60 篇被索引的论文,没有登记在册的试验,任何地方都未获批 [1], [6]
Epitalon最常被和它混为一谈的同门Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly;在共同做过的实验里,两者表现不同,有时甚至相反,所以结论不能互相搬用 [17], [27]
Livagen同一实验室的另一个肽Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala;在共同那项培养实验里,它让 1 号和 9 号染色体的紧密异染色质变松了,而 Vilon 没有 [17]
Vesugen同样的序列,多加了一个氨基酸Lys-Glu-Asp;在干细胞的工作里,两者在 FOXO1 上给出了不同、部分相反的结果 [18]
Thymogen据说出自同一份胸腺制剂的另一个二肽Glu-Trp,在俄罗斯是获批药品。2020 年那句 Vilon 胜过它的说法,既没有对照研究也没有数字 [7]
Chonluten同一张对接表里的同门Glu-Asp-Gly;在 LAT1 上得到 −30.30,而 Vilon 是 −12.31,都出自该团队自己的计算 [3]

不存在任何头对头的效应比较,所以这张表谈的是位置而不是强度:家族里最短的一个,计算出来的转运最弱,来自自家人的不稳定承认最坦率。Epitalon 和 Livagen 在和 Vilon 共享的那些实验里表现就不一样,所以借用它们的结论只会把看上去的证据量吹大 [3], [17].

常见误解

  • 「Vilon 和 Epitalon 的结论可以通用。」 不能。在共同做过的实验里,两者分道扬镳,有时甚至指向相反的方向 [17].
  • 「它在俄罗斯获批了,俄罗斯那款补充剂就是 Vilon。」 两句都不对。研究所负责人 2020 年自己写道它已提交注册,而 2026 年 9 月俄罗斯药品数据库里没有同名产品。那款补充剂不是以这个名字出售的,标注的是肽复合物而非纯二肽,是口服的,并且在自己的标签上写着它不是药品 [7], [8], [39].
  • 「它是许多细胞因子的片段,所以一定有活性。」 赖氨酸和谷氨酸这一对,按简单的统计规律几乎会出现在任何有点长度的蛋白质里,它也正因此被收录为人体代谢产物。这是反对它有特殊信号作用的理由,而不是支持 [2], [7].
  • 「关于 Vilon 根本没有研究。」 这是反方向的错误:被索引的论文大约有 60 篇,缺的是登记在册的试验,而这是另一回事。而且并非每一条检索结果都属于这个肽——有一种生物信息学方法同名,有一种给药用共聚物含有部分相同的序列,还有几篇论文只用实验室代号来测试肽,根本没有给出序列 [6], [33], [34], [44].

常见问题

Vilon 是什么?

它是一种由赖氨酸和谷氨酸两个氨基酸组成的合成肽,写作 Lys-Glu 或者 KE。分子量 275.30 g/mol,肽不可能再小了。它出自圣彼得堡生物调节与老年学研究所。

Vilon 在体内撑得够久,足以做点什么吗?

没有人量过:任何物种都没有半衰期、没有血药浓度、也没有生物利用度的数字。开发者自己在 2022 年写道,它在溶液里以及部分在组织里发生水解,而且比同时测试的另外三个肽更明显。

Vilon 在哪个国家获批上市了吗?

没有,俄罗斯也不例外。研究所负责人 2020 年自己写道,Vilon 已提交注册,那是一份申请而不是批准,距离专利申请已经过了 22 年。2026 年 9 月 17 日查询俄罗斯药品数据库,没有任何同名产品。

Vilon 做过临床试验吗?

2026 年 9 月 17 日查过的所有数据库里都找不到登记在册的试验,而对照查询返回了 782 项研究。俄罗斯医院确实有未经登记的报告,但没有一份做过预先登记、设盲,也没有一份公布过病例数。

像 Vilon 这么小的肽,真的能调控基因吗?

这正是核心的未决问题。开发者提出它会结合基因启动子里四个碱基长的片段。这类片段在人类基因组里出现数以百万次,证据主要是同一批人做的计算机建模,也没有任何独立实验室重复出来。

那篇关于 Vilon 超低剂量的论文到底说了什么?

2003 年,开发团队在研究所所长也署名的情况下报告了第二个活性峰,位于每升 10 的负 17 次方到 10 的负 15 次方摩尔之间。按较低的那个数字算,一毫升里大约只有六千个分子,而他们的解释是:信号不形成配体与受体的复合物,由水的动力学传递。

Vilon 安全吗?

没有人知道。没有毒理学研究,没有剂量探索,没有免疫原性测试,西方在卖的注射剂型更是完全没有安全性数据。文献里唯一一句关于安全的话,是开发者在一项小鼠实验里顺带写下的。

参考来源

  1. PubChem compound CID 7010502, "Lysylglutamic acid", queried on 17 September 2026 for formula C11H21N3O5, mass 275.30 g/mol, exact mass 275.14812078, InChIKey UGTZHPSKYRIGRJ-YUMQZZPRSA-N, calculated XLogP −6.3, polar surface area 156 Ų, and the 49-entry synonym list including Vilon, Lys-Glu, KE dipeptide, Normophthal, AB-0 peptide and AB-17. The canonical SMILES confirms an ordinary alpha peptide bond rather than a side-chain link, and CID 7015685 was checked as the possible isomer. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7010502
  2. Wikidata Q27144733, "lysylglutamic acid", retrieved 17 September 2026: CAS 45234-02-4, UNII H34V7IM5ML, ChEMBL365790, ChEBI 74557, DSSTox DTXSID50196442, MeSH C415909 and Human Metabolome Database entry HMDB0028950, which is the record listing the compound as a human metabolite. The CAS number is confirmed by three independent registers rather than by trade catalogues.
  3. Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Dyatlova A, Petukhov M (2022). Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(14):7733. PMID 35887081. PMCID PMC9323678. Full text and Table 2 read on 17 September 2026: "KEDW and KEDA peptides were found to be resistant to hydrolysis for 3–4 h … KE peptide (to a greater extent) and AEDG peptide (to a lesser extent) were hydrolyzed in solutions and partially in tissues"; the ICM score of −12.31 for "Vilon (KE)" against −10.49 for "Normoftal", −34.32 for Vesilut, −30.30 for Chonluten, −17.26 for Bronchogen and −16.01 for Fuaget; and the sentence "ICM-Score function values of the studied USPs less than −15 may indicate a high probability of highly efficient binding to the LAT1 transporter". No transport measurement and no pharmacokinetic data appear.
  4. Foltz M, van Buren L, Klaffke W, Duchateau GS (2009). Modeling of the relationship between dipeptide structure and dipeptide stability, permeability, and ACE inhibitory activity. Journal of Food Science 74(2):H243-H251. PMID 19895477. 228 synthesised dipeptides; stabilising residues are Asp, Gly and Pro at the N-terminus and Pro, Ser, Thr and Asp at the C-terminus, none of which Lys-Glu carries; "postabsorptive … activities of dipeptides in vivo are most likely limited due to the very low intestinal permeability of dipeptides", and no reliable correlation model for permeability was obtained. Cited by the developing group itself.
  5. Grigor'ev EI, Khavinson VKh, Malinin VV, Grigor'ev AE, Kochnev IN, Kudriavtseva TA (2003). The study of the role of the water medium in the mechanism of action of peptides in low and ultra low doses. Radiatsionnaia Biologiia, Radioekologiia 43(3):358-362. PMID 12881997. Abstract read: a bimodal dose-response curve for thymocyte proliferation with a second maximum at 10⁻¹⁷ to 10⁻¹⁵ mol/l, and the hypothesis of signal formation and transfer from ligand to target cell without formation of any ligand-receptor complex, with an active role for the water medium. The figure of roughly six thousand molecules per millilitre is the arithmetic consequence of 10⁻¹⁷ mol/l and Avogadro's number.
  6. ClinicalTrials.gov API v2, queried 17 September 2026: query.intr=Vilon returned 0 studies; query.term=Vilon returned 1, which is NCT02580799 on HER2 testing in breast cancer with an unrelated sponsor; query.term=lysylglutamic returned 0; query.term=Khavinson returned 0; the control query for semaglutide returned 782. https://clinicaltrials.gov/api/v2/studies
  7. Khavinson VKh (2020). Peptide medicines: past, present, future. Klinicheskaya Meditsina 98(3):165 ff. Full text read on 17 September 2026: the statement that the dipeptide Lys-Glu was detected in Thymalin by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and named Vilon; the sentence «После проведения необходимых доклинических исследований Вилон был представлен в Минздрав для регистрации в качестве лекарственного препарата», that is, Vilon was submitted to the health ministry for registration as a medicine; the claim that it is a fragment of several cytokines and surpasses Thymogen in biological activity, published without a comparative study; and the assertion that gel electrophoresis fully confirmed the modelling results, with no raw data, concentrations or controls given. https://khavinson.info/assets/files/russ/2020-khavinson.pdf
  8. medi.ru, package information for the Russian food supplement Нормофтал, state registration certificate СГР № 77.99.23.3.У.4253.5.08 of 27 May 2008, retrieved 17 September 2026. Capsules of 0.200 g, 60 per pack, declaring the peptide complex АКС-Г (lysine, glutamic acid) at 100 µg per capsule, taken as 1 to 2 capsules 1 to 2 times daily with meals for 20 to 30 days, repeated every 4 to 6 months, with the express statement «НОРМОФТАЛ не является лекарственным средством», that it is not a medicine. Whether the registration still stands in 2026 was not verified. https://medi.ru/instrukciya/normoftal_1851/
  9. World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List, class S0 Non-Approved Substances: "Any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the List and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use … is prohibited at all times." Full text checked on 17 September 2026: no match for Vilon, Lys-Glu, lysyl, bioregulator, Khavinson or dipeptide, with BPC-157 found in the same document as a control. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list
  10. United States Food and Drug Administration and NCATS. Global Substance Registration System, queried 17 September 2026: substance LYSYLGLUTAMIC ACID, UNII H34V7IM5ML, substance class chemical, name list expressly including VILON; a second record exists for the dihydrate. A UNII is a substance identifier and carries no approval and no assessment. https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov
  11. Khavinson VKh, Morosov VG, Malinin VV, Sery SV. Use of a dipeptide for stimulating repair processes. US 6,642,201 B1; priority 23 June 1998, granted 4 November 2003. Read 17 September 2026: the claim covers L-lysil-L-glutamic acid, with a claimed range of 0.01 to 100 µg per kg of body weight, at least once daily, for 10 to 40 days depending on severity. The proprietor is the company of the developing institute. A patent claim is a scope of protection, not a tested range. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6642201B1/en
  12. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK (1997). Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 19(9-10):501-505. PMID 9637345. Abstract read: "A novel immunomodulatory dipeptide was synthesized and termed Vilon". This is the earliest English-language description found.
  13. Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaya SI, Linkova NS, Pronyaeva VE, Shataeva LK, Yakutseni PP (2013). Short cell-penetrating peptides: a model of interactions with gene promoter sites. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 154(3):403-410. PMID 23484211. The proposed recognition sequences TCGA, GCAG, GCGG and GGGC are derived by molecular docking and molecular dynamics. A four-base stretch of this kind occurs every few hundred base pairs in the human genome.
  14. Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaya SI, Lin'kova NS, Chervyakova NA, Nichik TE, Elashkina EV, Chalisova NI (2015). Role of peptide bond in the realization of biological activity of short peptides. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 158(5):551-554. PMID 25705040. Abstract read: interaction described along the minor groove of double-stranded DNA, and the report that Lys-Glu stimulated spleen cell proliferation in explant culture while a mixture of free glutamic acid and lysine inhibited culture growth.
  15. Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Ashapkin VV, Shilovsky GA, Borushko NV, Petukhov MG, Vanuyshin BF (2023). KE peptide regulates SIRT1, PARP1, PARP2 gene expression and protein synthesis in human mesenchymal stem cells aging. Advances in Gerontology 36(3):302-312. PMID 37782636. Abstract read: SIRT1 gene expression and protein synthesis raised 6-fold and 8.2-fold in young cells; PARP1 lowered 2.1-fold and 5.3-fold and PARP2 2.1-fold and 4.7-fold during ageing; the DNA interaction with GCGG and GGGC is molecular modelling. No p-values, spread measures or replicate counts are given. The journal belongs to the developing institute.
  16. Anisimov SV, Bokheler KR, Khavinson VKh, Anisimov VN (2002). Studies of the effects of Vilon and Epithalon on gene expression in mouse heart using DNA-microarray technology. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 133(3):293-299. PMID 12360356. 300 of 15,247 clones, that is 1.94 per cent, changed expression more than twofold; Vilon alone changed 36 clones, and Vilon alone or combined activated 157 clones up to 6.13-fold and suppressed 23 up to 2.79-fold. No correction for multiple testing and no false-discovery rate are reported.
  17. Lezhava T, Khavinson V, Monaselidze J, Jokhadze T, Dvalishvili N, Bablishvili N, Barbakadze S (2004). Bioregulator Vilon-induced reactivation of chromatin in cultured lymphocytes from old people. Biogerontology 5(2):73-79. PMID 15105581. With Lezhava T, Monaselidze J, Kadotani T, Dvalishvili N, Buadze T (2006), Georgian Medical News (133):111-115, PMID 16705247, and Lezhava T, Jokhadze T, Monaselidze J, Buadze T, et al. (2023), Georgian Medical News (335):79-83, PMID 37042594 — the latter two published without the institute's director as a co-author, making them the closest thing to an independent replication. Lymphocyte cultures from donors aged 75 to 88; decondensation of total heterochromatin and reactivation of ribosomal genes reported, while the pericentromeric structural heterochromatin of chromosomes 1 and 9 expressly did not decondense, unlike under Epitalon and Livagen. No quantitative values or p-values in the abstracts.
  18. Ashapkin V, Khavinson V, Shilovsky G, Linkova N, Vanuyshin B (2020). Gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cell aging cultures: modulation by short peptides. Molecular Biology Reports 47(6):4323-4329. PMID 32399807. Abstract read: IGF1 expression raised 3.5- to 5.6-fold; KE roughly doubled FOXO1 in the stationary ageing model and had no effect in the passage model; AED, KED and KE stimulated NF-kappaB expression in both models. No p-values given.
  19. Khavinson VK, Anisimov VN, Zavarzina NY, Zabezhinskii MA, Zimina OA, Popovich IG, et al. (2000). Effect of vilon on biological age and lifespan in mice. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 130(7):687-690. PMID 11140587. Abstract read: subcutaneous administration to female CBA mice from the 6th month of life; increased physical activity and endurance, lowered body temperature and prolonged lifespan reported, with expressly no effect on age-related changes of oestrous function and on free-radical processes; "Long-term administration of vilon caused no unfavourable effects on animal development. The obtained results show safety of chronic vilon administration." No animal numbers, no dose, no survival data and no statistics appear.
  20. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh (2010). Peptide bioregulation of aging: results and prospects. Biogerontology 11(2):139-149. PMID 19830585. Abstract read: the figure of 20 to 40 per cent longer mean lifespan refers expressly to "some peptide preparations" as a group, not to Vilon. No Vilon-specific percentage was found in any accessible primary source.
  21. Kuznik BI, Isakova NV, Kliuchereva NN, Maleeva NV, Pinelis IS (2007). Effect of vilon on the immunity status and coagulation hemostasis in patients of different age with diabetes mellitus. Advances in Gerontology 20(2):106-115. PMID 18306698. With Kuznik BI, Kolesnichenko LR, Kliuchereva NN, Pinelis IuI, Ryzhak GA, Khamaeva TsB (2006), Advances in Gerontology 19:107-115, PMID 17152731. Abstracts read on 17 September 2026. Both describe the peptide added to standard treatment in type 1 diabetes without registration, randomisation, blinding, placebo or a defined endpoint. Reported: higher antithrombin III and protein C, stimulated fibrinolysis, regression of a chronic consumption coagulopathy picture, in most cases a reduced insulin requirement, fewer helper T cells and natural killer cells, and normalisation of active T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and IgA. No numerical values, spread measures or p-values are reported. The papers share several authors and it cannot be determined whether they describe one cohort. Only the abstracts were accessible; the full texts are Russian and not open access.
  22. Kudriavtseva MV, Bezborodkina NN, Sek EN, Shapiro IIa, Baranovskii AIu, Kudriavtsev BN (2000). Effect of "vilon" on cirrhotically changed rat liver. Tsitologiia 42(8):758-764. PMID 11033862. Published without the institute's director as a co-author. Abstract read: 1.7 µg/kg daily for 5 days after 4 months of carbon tetrachloride; total protein content and hepatocyte ploidy 4.7 and 11.5 per cent above the untreated group, described by the authors themselves as a "weak stimulating effect"; glucose-6-phosphatase activity rose, while glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase did not differ from control values throughout. No p-values given.
  23. Khavinson VK, Myl'nikov SV, Oparina TI, Arutyunyan AV (2001). Effects of peptides on generation of reactive oxygen species in subcellular fractions of Drosophila melanogaster. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 132(1):682-685. PMID 11687853. Abstract read: the peptide suppressed reactive oxygen species formation in mitochondria and stimulated it in the cytosol, with sex- and age-dependent differences. No figures given.
  24. Gavrisheva NA, Malinin VV, Ses TP, Kozlov KL, Panchenko AV, Titkov AY (2005). Effect of peptide Vilon on the content of transforming growth factor-beta and permeability of microvessels during experimental chronic renal failure. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 139(1):24-26. PMID 16142267. Abstract read: significantly lowered serum TGF-beta1 and mesenteric microvessel permeability two months after onset, with no corresponding effect reported at four and six months; the authors speak of an effect in the early period. Dose, animal numbers and p-values are not given.
  25. Kudriavtseva TA, Zaichenko IN, Efremov OM, Bairamov AA, Grigor'ev EI, Ryzhak GA (2006). Effect of vilon on neuroendocrine status and sexual function of old male rats. Advances in Gerontology 19:97-101. PMID 17152729. Abstract read: 50 µg per animal in a half-castration model; reported changes in luteinising hormone, prolactin and ACTH and in hypothalamic neurotransmitters, with a marked fall in prolactin. No values, animal numbers, route or p-values given.
  26. Chalisova NI, Khavinson V, Nozdrachev AD (2001). Modulating and protective effects of thymic peptides in lymphoid tissue culture. Doklady Biological Sciences 379. PMID 12918362, together with the explant series PMID 10591126, 12096446, 12096432 and 11713572, abstracts read 17 September 2026. Organotypic thymus and spleen explants from rats aged 1 day to 2 years at 2 to 20 ng/ml: growth stimulated in explants from 21-day-old rats at 2, 10 and 5 ng/ml for Vilon, Thymogen and Thymalin, and suppressed in thymus explants from 1-day-old rats. PMID 11713572 is also the source of the tissue-specificity claim, which is argued from the peptide's origin in a thymus preparation rather than from a comparative measurement.
  27. Aleksinskaya ES, Nazarov SB, Posiseeva LV, Nazarova AO, Malyshkina AI (2015). Comparison of treatment options for experimental endometriosis in rats. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 158(5):681-683. PMID 25778659. Published without any author from the developing group, at a research institute in Ivanovo. Abstract read: surgery, intraperitoneal peptide and the combination compared on reproductive parameters, with the combination called promising. No figures, dose, animal numbers or p-values are given.
  28. Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VK, Esposito JE, et al. (2022). Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(7):3607. PMID 35408963. Abstract and full text read: all five peptides tested, Vilon among them, raised tyrosine phosphorylation of mitogen-activated cytoplasmic kinases. The reported inhibition of TNF concerns Chonluten, not Vilon. The institute's director is a co-author, so this is not an independent replication despite the Italian first authors.
  29. Fedoreyeva LI, Dilovarova TA, Ashapkin VV, Martirosyan YT, Khavinson VK, Kharchenko PN, Vanyushin BF (2017). Short exogenous peptides regulate expression of CLE, KNOX1, and GRF family genes in Nicotiana tabacum. Biochemistry (Moscow) 82:521-528. PMID 28371610. Abstract read: callus cultures of tobacco at 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁹ M; growth, development and differentiation affected, with the stronger effects belonging to other peptides of the series.
  30. Bykov NM, Chalisova NI (2002). Characteristics of effect of ultralow doses of vilon in organotypic culture of spleens from rats of various ages. Advances in Gerontology 10:85-87. PMID 12577696. Abstract read: effects reported for "ultra-small doses" of 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹³ M in organotypic spleen culture.
  31. Khavinson VK, Kvetnoii IM (2000). Peptide bioregulators inhibit apoptosis. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 130(12):1175-1176. PMID 11276315. Abstract read: Epitalon and Vilon reported to inhibit programmed cell death of spleen lymphocytes after irradiation, with the antiapoptotic effect of Vilon the more pronounced of the two.
  32. Tumour studies in the evidence base of this substance, recorded here for completeness and to document why their results do not appear: PubMed identifiers 10944717, 16308980, 11586406, 11785104, 12101568, 12428286, 16075684, 19670728 and 14743610, plus the transplanted-tumour experiment of Barykina and colleagues. All abstracts were read on 17 September 2026. Section 12 of the German Heilmittelwerbegesetz prohibits advertising statements relating to tumour diseases, so this page reproduces none of their findings, favourable or unfavourable, and takes from them only the administered amounts of the peptide itself. One of these papers, PMID 10944717, carries no abstract in PubMed at all, so its content cannot be checked.
  33. Sevostianova NN, Linkova NS, Polyakova VO, Chervyakova NA, et al. (2013). Immunomodulating effects of Vilon and its analogue in the culture of human and animal thymus cells. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 154(4):562-565. PMID 23486604, together with Lin'kova NS, Polyakova VO, Trofimov AV, Kvetnoy IM, Khavinson VKh (2011), Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 151(2):239-242, PMID 22238759. Abstracts read: the first tests two dipeptides under the codes AB-O and R-1 without disclosing sequences; the second tests T-31, AB-17 and AB-9, likewise without sequences, and reports that only AB-9 showed an effect. Which code denotes Vilon cannot be established from either abstract.
  34. NCBI E-utilities esearch and efetch against PubMed and the Europe PMC REST search, both queried 17 September 2026: "Vilon" returned 80 records, of which roughly 60 concern the peptide after title review; "Vilon AND peptide" returned 74; the Europe PMC query "vilon AND peptide" returned 54. About twenty hits are unrelated. The searches "vilon AND pharmacokinetic" (4 records, none on the pharmacokinetics of the peptide) and "Lys-Glu AND pharmacokinetics" (17 records, none on Vilon) returned nothing usable. The publication peak lies between 2000 and 2006, all venues lie in the post-Soviet research world or are institute-affiliated, and no paper on this substance from North America, Japan or China was found.
  35. openFDA drug/drugsfda and drug/label endpoints and the DailyMed API version 2, all queried 17 September 2026: the searches for "vilon" and "lysyl-glutamic" returned NOT_FOUND; DailyMed returned only an unrelated skin barrier product, while the control query for semaglutide returned 2 records. https://api.fda.gov/drug/drugsfda.json
  36. United States Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Downloaded and searched in full with pdftotext on 17 September 2026: no entry for Vilon, Lys-Glu or lysylglutamic acid in any category; the only remotely similar entry is lysine aspirin, a different substance. The compound was never even nominated. https://www.fda.gov/media/94155/download
  37. Health Canada Drug Product Database API, queried 17 September 2026: brandname=vilon returned only an unrelated skin ointment, and the active ingredient query for lysylglutamic returned an empty array, while the control query for Ozempic returned the expected record. https://health-products.canada.ca/api/drug/drugproduct/
  38. Registers that could not be read on 17 September 2026, documented here rather than treated as clean negative findings: the European Medicines Agency medicine search is JavaScript-driven and returned no readable result list; the British medicines register returned an empty results shell, including for the control query; the Australian register returned HTTP code 000 twice; the Swiss list of authorised medicines returned HTTP 404; and the Russian state medicines register could not be operated without a browser, the control query for Thymalin included. For these markets the negative finding rests additionally on the absence of an international non-proprietary name and of an ATC code. No novel food authorisation under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 was found, but the European novel food catalogue could not be evaluated either. The medicines registers of China and Japan were not queried.
  39. Vidal, the Russian medicines database, searched for "Вилон" on 17 September 2026: «Точных совпадений не найдено», no exact matches; the only suggestion was an unrelated oncology product with a similar name. https://www.vidal.ru/
  40. Germany, annex to section 2(3) of the Anti-Doping Act, official citation BGBl. 2023 I no. 67, read in full on 17 September 2026: no entry for Vilon, Lys-Glu, lysyl or the German word for dipeptide. Section II names only erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, gonadotropins and their releasing factors, corticotropins, growth hormone and its analogues, GHRH analogues, growth hormone secretagogues, GHRP, IGF-1 and analogues, MGF and variants, and thymosin beta-4 and derivatives. The annex is a closed list with no catch-all position for unapproved peptides. Somatropin was found as a control.
  41. Western research-chemical listings retrieved 17 September 2026, used only as evidence of how the material is traded and labelled, never as a scientific reference: 20 mg of lyophilised powder per vial at 60.00 US dollars, "≥99% Purity — HPLC + Mass Spec", "third-party tested", and the wording "For Laboratory & Research Use Only — Not for Human or Veterinary Use" alongside "not approved by the FDA, and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease". At least nine further sellers offer the identical 20 mg configuration. No independent analysis of identity, purity, endotoxin content or sterility has been published, and the storage advice given by sellers rests on no measured stability data.
  42. Dosing and advice pages retrieved 17 September 2026, recorded only as evidence of what unsupported claims circulate, never as a source for any figure on this page. They state a plasma half-life below 5 minutes, dominant renal elimination and effects persisting for weeks to months through epigenetic modification, while conceding within the same text that no measured data are published. One dedicated page gives injection schedules for a substance whose only documented human exposure is 100 to 400 µg a day by mouth.
  43. Russian trade listings retrieved 17 September 2026, used only as evidence of how the molecule reaches a market: a cosmetic cream sold under a Vilon-derived name, and a Russian research-grade listing of the pure substance in 20 mg vials. Cosmetic status is neither an approval nor evidence that anything works.
  44. Name collisions checked in order to separate them from this substance: Doroszko M, et al. (2022), ViLoN, a multi-layer network approach to data integration demonstrated for patient stratification, PMID 36395816, a bioinformatics method; Xu Q, et al. (2024), a graphene oxide–polyethylene glycol conjugate carrying a Glu-Lys-Glu motif as a drug delivery system, Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 35(3):330-344, PMID 38032009, materials science; and NCT02580799, the HER2 testing study that is the single free-text hit of the trial registry search. None of the three concerns the peptide.
  45. Shen W, Matsui T (2019). Intestinal absorption of small peptides: a review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 54:1942-1948. This is the single reference carried by the hydrolysis passage in source 3. It is a general review of small peptide absorption and does not examine AEDG, KE, KEDW or KEDA. The hydrolysis experiment itself could not be located in the literature, so the developers' statement about KE stands as their statement and not as a traceable experiment.
  46. Khavinson V, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR (2021). Peptide regulation of gene expression: a systematic review. Molecules 26:7053. PMID 34834147. PMCID PMC8619776. Full text read on 17 September 2026, including Table 5 and the row for KE, which is the overview the developing group uses to assign each peptide to an organ and an effect category, and the source of the interleukin-2 expression claims through its cited primary work PMID 12447482, PMID 16224591 and PMID 17461018.

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本页的事实核对完成于 2026 年 9 月 17 日,状态表背后的每一个登记库都是当天查询的。还有三件事可能变化:国际数据库之外可能冒出一份俄语报告,药代动力学的测量可能终于被发表,另外有五条登记库的结论靠的是推断,因为那些登记库当时读不出来。

myPeptides Research & Editing. (2026). Vilon:研究结果、监管状态与安全性。版本 1.0,2026 年 9 月 17 日。myPeptides 肽类登记册。取自 https://mypep.app/peptides/vilon

本登记册的页面如何编写和分级,见方法论;完整登记册见肽类总览。

版本日期变更
1.02026-09-17首次发布

最后核对: 2026 年 9 月 17 日。下次复核: 出现任何登记在册的试验时、发表任何药代动力学测量时,或反兴奋剂分类发生变化时。

标识符

标识符数值
CAS 号45234-02-4
PubChem CID7010502
UNIIH34V7IM5ML
InChIKeyUGTZHPSKYRIGRJ-YUMQZZPRSA-N
ChEMBLCHEMBL365790
WikidataQ27144733
分子式C11H21N3O5
分子量275.3
序列KE

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myPeptides Research & Editing (2026). Vilon:研究结果、监管状态与安全性 (Version 1.0). myPeptides. https://mypep.app/zh/peptides/vilon

机器可读版本(JSON)

最后审核:2026年9月

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