Mazdutide vs Retatrutide: differences, evidence and safety
Answer first
Mazdutide switches on the receptors for two hormones, GLP-1 and glucagon, and is licensed as a medicine only in China. Retatrutide adds a third, for GIP, and is approved nowhere; its late-stage results exist only as company press releases. No study comparing the two could be found, so the figures below come from separate trials and cannot be ranked.
At a glance
How they work
Both are laboratory-made peptides designed by Eli Lilly, chains of 34 and 39 amino acids respectively [1], [2], [3], [4]. They differ in how many hormone docking points, or receptors, they switch on.
Mazdutide
- Two receptors, GLP-1 and glucagon. Its backbone copies oxyntomodulin, a hormone the gut releases after a meal [2].
- The GLP-1 part. Switching this receptor on prompts insulin release when blood sugar is high, slows the stomach down and dampens appetite [5].
- The glucagon part. The idea is that it raises the energy the body burns and makes the liver oxidise more fat. No direct measurement of this in people could be found [6].
Retatrutide
- Three receptors, GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon. In laboratory tests it is more active at the GIP receptor than at the other two [4].
- The stomach. A dedicated early-stage study confirmed that the stomach empties more slowly in people [7].
- The glucagon part. As with mazdutide, the extra energy use and the change in how the liver handles fat are an idea. No direct measurement of either in people could be found [4].
- Blood sugar still falls. Glucagon on its own pushes blood sugar up. The published explanation is that the two gut hormone effects outweigh it [4].
The core difference is the receptor for GIP, a second gut hormone, which only retatrutide switches on. No trial separating what each receptor contributes in people could be found for either drug [6], [4].
Both carry a fatty acid chain that makes them cling to albumin, a carrier protein in the blood. The body therefore clears them slowly [8], [3]. For retatrutide it takes about six days to clear half a dose [9]. For mazdutide the figure varied widely between people, from 7.3 to 44.8 days in an early study of 24 participants [8].
What the studies show
No study that compares mazdutide and retatrutide directly could be found in the published record reviewed for this page. The registered head-to-head trials found for each drug set it against a third drug. DREAMS-3 pits mazdutide against semaglutide in 349 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes and obesity. It has published only its design and baseline data [10]. TRIUMPH-5 pits retatrutide against tirzepatide in 800 participants and has not reported results [11].
Everything below therefore comes from separate trials. They enrolled different people, gave different doses, measured different endpoints and ran for different lengths of time. Their numbers cannot be set against each other. Almost every mazdutide participant so far has been Chinese; the single American trial enrolled 179 people [12].
The level of independent checking differs as well. The late-stage mazdutide trials below are published in medical journals [13], [14], [15], [16]. For retatrutide, no full journal publication of a late-stage trial could be found by 6 September 2026 [11].
Weight in adults with obesity or overweight
Phase 3 RCT GLORY-1 randomised 610 Chinese adults to one of two mazdutide dose levels or to a dummy injection. Average starting weight was 87.2 kg and average body mass index 31.1. After 48 weeks the two treated groups had lost 11.00% and 14.01% of body weight, while the placebo group gained 0.30% [13].
Phase 3 RCT GLORY-2 ran for 60 weeks in 461 Chinese adults with obesity. The group was young, with an average age of 33.9 years and an average body mass index of 34.3. Of the participants, 16.1% also had type 2 diabetes. The treated group lost 16.65% of body weight, against 1.50% on placebo [14].
Phase 2 RCT The only published mazdutide trial found outside China enrolled 179 American adults. At week 32 the highest dose group had lost 18.1% of body weight, against 0.9% on placebo. That came at a cost: 20% of the group stopped taking part because of side effects [12].
Phase 2 RCT A mid-stage retatrutide trial allocated 338 adults with obesity at random to one of four doses or to a dummy injection. After 48 weeks their weight had fallen by 8.7%, 17.1%, 22.8% and 24.2% from the lowest to the highest dose, against 2.1% on placebo [17].
Phase 3 (press release only) TRIUMPH-1 followed 2,339 adults without diabetes for 80 weeks. The manufacturer reported losses of 19.0%, 25.9% and 28.3% across three doses, against 2.2% on placebo. No independent experts had checked these figures by 6 September 2026 [18], [11].
The sources behind this page give no age, origin or starting weight figures for the retatrutide weight trials. The two groups of participants cannot be matched.
Blood sugar in type 2 diabetes
Both drugs were measured on glycated haemoglobin. This blood value reflects average blood sugar over the past two to three months.
Phase 3 RCT DREAMS-1 enrolled 320 Chinese adults whose diabetes was not controlled by diet and exercise alone. From a starting value of 8.24%, the reading fell over 24 weeks by 1.57 and 2.15 percentage points on the two mazdutide doses. On placebo it fell by 0.14 points [15].
Phase 3 RCT, active comparator DREAMS-2 set mazdutide against dulaglutide, an established diabetes injection, in 731 Chinese adults already taking tablets. After 28 weeks both mazdutide doses lowered the reading further than dulaglutide, by 0.24 and 0.30 percentage points [16].
Phase 2 RCT A mid-stage retatrutide trial conducted in the USA enrolled 281 adults with type 2 diabetes. After 24 weeks the reading fell by 0.43 points on the lowest dose and 2.02 points on the highest. It barely moved on placebo, at 0.01 points, and fell by 1.41 points on dulaglutide [19].
Phase 3 (press release only) TRIUMPH-2 followed 1,152 adults with type 2 diabetes for 80 weeks. The reported fall was 1.4 to 1.6 points from a starting value of 7.7%. Weight fell by 12.7%, 19.1% and 20.8% across three doses, against 4.0% on placebo [20].
Dulaglutide appears in trials of both drugs, including a mid-stage Chinese mazdutide trial in 250 adults. Over 20 weeks the reading fell by 1.41 to 1.67 points on mazdutide and by 1.35 points on dulaglutide [21]. A shared comparator does not turn separate trials into a direct comparison, because the people, doses and durations still differ.
Liver fat
Phase 2a RCT A retatrutide sub-study enrolled 98 people without diabetes whose livers were at least 10% fat. After 24 weeks, scans showed the fat content down by 42.9%, 57.0%, 81.4% and 82.4% across four doses. On placebo it edged up by 0.3% [22].
Animal data No human liver-fat results have been published for mazdutide. In forty-two male mice on a high-fat diet, liver fat fell further on the dual-acting drug than on a single-hormone comparator. The middle value of the fall was 5.59% against 3.30% [23].
Heart and kidney outcomes
Phase 3 (press release only) TRIUMPH-3 enrolled 1,949 adults with severe obesity and diagnosed heart disease. Counted broadly, serious heart events numbered 44 on retatrutide against 52 on placebo (hazard ratio 0.82, range 0.55 to 1.22). Counted narrowly, they numbered 27 against 23 (hazard ratio 1.12, range 0.64 to 1.96) [20].
Both ranges include the possibility of no difference, so they show neither a benefit nor a harm. TRIUMPH-Outcomes, built to answer the question, enrols 10,000 people and will not reach its main result before February 2029 [24].
No trial found No published heart or kidney outcome trial could be found for mazdutide, and the trial registry lists none as started [25], [26].
How long the trials ran
The published mazdutide trials found ran for 60 weeks at most, and none of them reports what happens to weight after the injections stop [14]. For retatrutide, the longest follow-up is 104 weeks, reported by press release from an extension limited to people with a body mass index of at least 35 [18].
How certain the evidence is
Meta-analysis A review published in 2026 pooled nine randomised mazdutide trials with 2,292 participants. For weight in people with obesity but no diabetes, it rated the certainty very low, because the trials were few and differed widely. In type 2 diabetes it graded the evidence moderate [25].
Outcomes studied for only one of the two
Phase 3 (press release only) Retatrutide was tested for knee pain in TRIUMPH-4, in 445 adults with worn knee joints. Over 68 weeks their pain score fell by 4.5 and 4.4 points from a starting level of 6.0, against 2.4 points on placebo. No ranges of uncertainty were published [27].
Safety
Mazdutide's safety figures come from published trials in mostly Chinese adults, retatrutide's late-stage figures only from press releases. The lists below are therefore not a ranking [14], [18].
Mazdutide. Most frequencies come from GLORY-2, comparing the treated group with placebo over 60 weeks [14].
- Stomach and bowel. Vomiting affected 53.1% against 1.3%, nausea 46.9% against 3.2% and diarrhoea 39.4% against 6.5%. Most cases were described as mild or moderate [14].
- Stopping treatment. Side effects ended participation for 2.9% in GLORY-2, against none on placebo. In the American mid-stage trial the figure reached 20% of the highest dose group [14], [12].
- A faster pulse. In the Chinese mid-stage trial the pulse rose by 5.82, 5.38 and 8.75 beats per minute across three dose levels. On placebo it rose by 4.81. In an early high-dose study the average rise reached 17.4 [8], [28].
- Low blood sugar. In the Chinese mid-stage obesity trial, readings at or below 3.9 mmol/l occurred in 1.6% to 3.3% of treated participants. The placebo figure was 1.6% [28].
Retatrutide. The figures compare the highest dose with placebo in TRIUMPH-1, as reported by press release [18].
- Stomach and bowel. Nausea affected 42.4% against 14.8%, diarrhoea 32.0% against 13.5%, constipation 26.1% against 10.9% and vomiting 25.3% against 4.8% [18].
- Odd skin sensations. Tingling, burning or numbness (dysesthesia) affected 12.5% against 0.9%. In TRIUMPH-4, also reported by press release, it reached 8.8% and 20.9% against 0.7%, and was described as mostly mild [18], [27].
- Stopping treatment. In TRIUMPH-1, according to the press release, 4.1%, 6.9% and 11.3% stopped across the three doses, against 4.9% on placebo [18].
- A faster pulse. In the mid-stage obesity trial the heart rate rose with the dose and peaked at week 24 [17]. One independent assessment puts the largest rise at 6.7 beats per minute; another flags mild to moderate irregular heartbeat [29], [30].
- No approved product information. The American and European registers checked hold no approval, so no official benefit-risk assessment or list of warnings could be found [31], [32].
A 2026 case report describes a man with type 1 diabetes who injected a product sold online under the retatrutide name. He developed severe vomiting, a dangerous build-up of acids in the blood and sudden kidney damage [33].
No mazdutide contraindication list can be quoted, because the Chinese product information was not publicly retrievable on 10 September 2026. No completed trial showing what the faster pulse means over years could be found for either drug [25], [24].
Why this page lists no doses. Mazdutide is prescription-only in China and experimental elsewhere; retatrutide is experimental everywhere. The dose belongs to approved product information or a supervised trial plan. This page therefore names doses only by their rank among those tested, not as an amount.
Legal status
Mazdutide is a prescription medicine in China, licensed in June 2025 for long-term weight management and in September 2025 for blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes [34]. Everywhere else it is an unapproved experimental drug [35], [36]. Retatrutide is approved nowhere; the manufacturer has announced a US application for early 2027 but had not filed it [20], [31]. In sport, mazdutide is not named on the 2026 prohibited list, which is no clearance [37]. Retatrutide is banned at all times under section S0, which covers unapproved substances [38]. The monographs reflect the position on 10 September 2026 for mazdutide and 6 September 2026 for retatrutide.
Used together?
The myPeptides blend directory lists no product that combines mazdutide and retatrutide. Its only entry containing retatrutide, Loretta, pairs it with eloralintide, an amylin analogue. Both of those are in phase 3 and approved nowhere.
No study of mazdutide and retatrutide given together could be found in the sources reviewed for this page. Retatrutide itself already acts on both receptors that mazdutide targets, GLP-1 and glucagon [6], [4].
Frequently asked questions
Which is better, mazdutide or retatrutide?
The evidence does not say. In GLORY-2, among 461 Chinese adults with obesity, mazdutide lowered weight by 16.65% over 60 weeks. Retatrutide was not part of that trial; in its own mid-stage trial of 338 adults with obesity, its highest dose lowered weight by 24.2% over 48 weeks. No study comparing the two directly could be found.
Is mazdutide or retatrutide safer?
No trial comparing their safety directly could be found. In GLORY-2, in Chinese adults, 53.1% of the mazdutide group vomited. In TRIUMPH-1, according to a company press release, nausea affected 42.4% of the highest retatrutide dose group. The trials differ in participants, length and how results were published, so these figures cannot be ranked.
What is the difference between mazdutide and retatrutide?
Mazdutide switches on two hormone receptors, GLP-1 and glucagon, and copies the gut hormone oxyntomodulin. Retatrutide switches on those two plus the receptor for GIP. Mazdutide is a licensed medicine in China and experimental elsewhere. Retatrutide is approved nowhere, and its late-stage results exist only as press releases.
Can mazdutide and retatrutide be taken together?
No study of the two drugs given together could be found, and the myPeptides blend directory lists no combination of them. Retatrutide already acts on the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors that mazdutide targets. Mazdutide is prescription-only in China and unapproved elsewhere, and retatrutide is approved nowhere.
Is mazdutide or retatrutide approved anywhere?
Mazdutide is, but only in China, where it was licensed in June 2025 for long-term weight management and in September 2025 for blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes. No register checked lists an approval for retatrutide in any country. Its manufacturer announced a US application for early 2027 but had not filed it by 6 September 2026.
Have mazdutide and retatrutide been tested against each other?
No such trial could be found. The registered head-to-head trials found for each drug involve a third drug. DREAMS-3 compares mazdutide with semaglutide in Chinese adults and has published only its design. TRIUMPH-5 compares retatrutide with tirzepatide and has not reported results.
Were the mazdutide and retatrutide trials run in similar people?
Not in a way that would allow a comparison. Almost every mazdutide participant so far has been Chinese, and the only published American trial found enrolled 179 people. The retatrutide diabetes trial cited here was conducted in the USA.
Are mazdutide and retatrutide banned in sport?
Mazdutide is not named on the 2026 prohibited list, and a full-text search found no mention of GLP-1 or glucagon drugs. That is not a clearance, because the list is rewritten every year. Retatrutide is banned at all times under section S0, which covers substances that no health authority has approved.
How long do mazdutide and retatrutide stay in the body?
The body takes about six days to clear half a dose of retatrutide. For mazdutide the figure varied widely, from 7.3 to 44.8 days in an early study of 24 participants.
Sources
Two original titles below name the injection schedule used in the trial. They are replaced by a neutral description and marked as such; authors, year, journal, volume, pages and identifiers are unchanged.
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- FDA Global Substance Registration System. Substance record "Retatrutide", UUID 52f7c547-14ed-454d-9bc2-c9137d0b5922, UNII NOP2Y096GV. Retrieved 6 September 2026. https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/api/v1/substances(52f7c547-14ed-454d-9bc2-c9137d0b5922)?view=full
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- Rosenstock J et al. (2023). Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. The Lancet 402(10401):529-544. PMID 37385280. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X
- Eli Lilly and Company. Press release, 23 July 2026, TRIUMPH-2 and TRIUMPH-3 topline results and announced regulatory submission. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-successful-in-two-additional-phase-3-obesity-trials-delivering-significant-improvements-in-weight-and-a1c-302832674.html
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- Sanyal AJ et al. (2024). Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nature Medicine 30(7):2037-2048. PMID 38858523. DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-03018-2
- Xia H et al. (2025). Multiparametric MRI evaluation of liver fat and iron after glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and glucagon receptor dual-agonist treatment in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model. Radiology 316(2):e243780. PMID 40828048. DOI 10.1148/radiol.243780
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- Eli Lilly and Company. Press release, 11 December 2025, TRIUMPH-4 topline results. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-weight-loss-of-up-to-an-average-of-71-2-lbs-along-with-substantial-relief-from-osteoarthritis-pain-in-first-successful-phase-3-trial-302638804.html
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- Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs (2023). Retatrutide showing promise in obesity (and type 2 diabetes). PMID 37947489
- Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs (2023). Retatrutide: a triple incretin receptor agonist for obesity management. PMID 37902090
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- European Medicines Agency. Medicines search, full text "retatrutide"; no authorised medicine entry. Retrieved 6 September 2026. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines?search_api_fulltext=retatrutide
- Cureus (2026). Online-sourced retatrutide complicating impending diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient with type 1 diabetes and concurrent Shigella gastroenteritis. PMID 42669023
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- openFDA. Drugs@FDA, drug label and enforcement queries for "mazdutide"; each returned no match. Control query for semaglutide in the same run returned results. Retrieved 10 September 2026. https://api.fda.gov/drug/drugsfda.json?search=openfda.generic_name:mazdutide
- European Commission. Community Register of medicinal products for human use; no entry for "mazdutide", against five for semaglutide in the same document. Retrieved 10 September 2026. https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/reg_hum_act.htm
- World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026; official text published as annex to BGBl. III No. 219 of 30 December 2025. Sections S2 and S4.4 reviewed in full; full-text search for "mazdutide", "glucagon", "GLP-1" and "incretin" returned no hits. Retrieved 10 September 2026.
- World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List, in force from 1 January 2026; official text as annex to BGBl. III No. 219/2025; sections S0 and S2 reviewed in full. Retrieved 6 September 2026. https://rdb.manz.at/__api/documents/ris.c.BGBl__III_Nr__219_2025/attachments/ris.c.BGBl__III_Nr__219_2025.Anlagen_0002_F0BD5BBE_465B_4C18_BFE4_16E75843E435.pdf